TY - JOUR
T1 - XeNA
T2 - An automated 'open-source' 129Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical use
AU - Nikolaou, Panayiotis
AU - Coffey, Aaron M.
AU - Walkup, Laura L.
AU - Gust, Brogan M.
AU - Whiting, Nicholas
AU - Newton, Hayley
AU - Muradyan, Iga
AU - Dabaghyan, Mikayel
AU - Ranta, Kaili
AU - Moroz, Gregory D.
AU - Rosen, Matthew S.
AU - Patz, Samuel
AU - Barlow, Michael J.
AU - Chekmenev, Eduard Y.
AU - Goodson, Boyd M.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank B. Saam and G. Schrank for helpful conversations, and E. Koehnemann (Midrivers Glassblowing, Inc.) for expert glassblowing. We also thank John Gore for his support for polarizer construction, and S. Barcus for assistance during the early stages of polarizer construction. N.W. was supported by an NSF post-doctoral fellowship ( OISE-0966393 ); B.M.G. and B.M.G. were supported in part by the NSF ( DMR 0852004 & 1157058 ). This work was funded by NIH ( 1R01 HL096471 ) and SIU OSPA . M.J.B. is supported by the School of Medicine, U. Nottingham, UK . E.Y.C. thanks the support from NIH/NCI 5R00 CA134749-03 and DoD CDMRP Era of Hope Award W81XWH-12-1-0159/BC112431 . A.M.C. thanks the support from training NIH grant R25 CA136440 .
PY - 2014/6
Y1 - 2014/6
N2 - Here we provide a full report on the construction, components, and capabilities of our consortium's "open-source" large-scale (~1L/h) 129Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical, pre-clinical, and materials NMR/MRI (Nikolaou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 14150 (2013)). The 'hyperpolarizer' is automated and built mostly of off-the-shelf components; moreover, it is designed to be cost-effective and installed in both research laboratories and clinical settings with materials costing less than $125,000. The device runs in the xenon-rich regime (up to 1800Torr Xe in 0.5L) in either stopped-flow or single-batch mode-making cryo-collection of the hyperpolarized gas unnecessary for many applications. In-cell 129Xe nuclear spin polarization values of ~30%-90% have been measured for Xe loadings of ~300-1600Torr. Typical 129Xe polarization build-up and T1 relaxation time constants were ~8.5min and ~1.9h respectively under our spin-exchange optical pumping conditions; such ratios, combined with near-unity Rb electron spin polarizations enabled by the high resonant laser power (up to ~200W), permit such high PXe values to be achieved despite the high in-cell Xe densities. Importantly, most of the polarization is maintained during efficient HP gas transfer to other containers, and ultra-long 129Xe relaxation times (up to nearly 6h) were observed in Tedlar bags following transport to a clinical 3T scanner for MR spectroscopy and imaging as a prelude to in vivo experiments. The device has received FDA IND approval for a clinical study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects. The primary focus of this paper is on the technical/engineering development of the polarizer, with the explicit goals of facilitating the adaptation of design features and operative modes into other laboratories, and of spurring the further advancement of HP-gas MR applications in biomedicine.
AB - Here we provide a full report on the construction, components, and capabilities of our consortium's "open-source" large-scale (~1L/h) 129Xe hyperpolarizer for clinical, pre-clinical, and materials NMR/MRI (Nikolaou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 14150 (2013)). The 'hyperpolarizer' is automated and built mostly of off-the-shelf components; moreover, it is designed to be cost-effective and installed in both research laboratories and clinical settings with materials costing less than $125,000. The device runs in the xenon-rich regime (up to 1800Torr Xe in 0.5L) in either stopped-flow or single-batch mode-making cryo-collection of the hyperpolarized gas unnecessary for many applications. In-cell 129Xe nuclear spin polarization values of ~30%-90% have been measured for Xe loadings of ~300-1600Torr. Typical 129Xe polarization build-up and T1 relaxation time constants were ~8.5min and ~1.9h respectively under our spin-exchange optical pumping conditions; such ratios, combined with near-unity Rb electron spin polarizations enabled by the high resonant laser power (up to ~200W), permit such high PXe values to be achieved despite the high in-cell Xe densities. Importantly, most of the polarization is maintained during efficient HP gas transfer to other containers, and ultra-long 129Xe relaxation times (up to nearly 6h) were observed in Tedlar bags following transport to a clinical 3T scanner for MR spectroscopy and imaging as a prelude to in vivo experiments. The device has received FDA IND approval for a clinical study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects. The primary focus of this paper is on the technical/engineering development of the polarizer, with the explicit goals of facilitating the adaptation of design features and operative modes into other laboratories, and of spurring the further advancement of HP-gas MR applications in biomedicine.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.mri.2014.02.002
DO - 10.1016/j.mri.2014.02.002
M3 - Article
C2 - 24631715
AN - SCOPUS:84899092471
SN - 0730-725X
VL - 32
SP - 541
EP - 550
JO - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
JF - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
IS - 5
ER -