@article{0f3697dbfe144903af9fff56c1c555c9,
title = "Word-list intrusion errors predict progression to mild cognitive impairment",
abstract = "Objective: Preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) defined by a positive AD biomarker in the presence of normal cognition is presumed to precede mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Subtle cognitive deficits and cognitive inefficiencies in preclinical AD may be detected through process and error scores on neuropsychological tests in those at risk for progression to MCI. Method: Cognitively normal participants (n = 525) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were followed for up to 5 years and classified as either stable normal (n = 305) or progressed to MCI (n = 220). Cox regressions were used to determine whether baseline process scores on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT; intrusion errors, learning slope, proactive interference, retroactive interference) predicted progression to MCI and a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 1 after considering demographic characteristics, apolipoprotein E ε4 status, cerebrospinal fluid AD biomarkers, ischemia risk, mood, functional difficulty, and standard neuropsychological total test scores for the model. Results: Baseline AVLT intrusion errors predicted progression to MCI (hazard ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.07, p = .008) and improved model fit after the other valuable predictors were already in the model, χ2(df = 1) = 6.330, p = .012. AVLT intrusion errors also predicted progression to CDR = 1 (hazard ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.18, p = .016) and again improved model fit, χ2(df = 1) = 4.682, p = .030. Conclusions: Intrusion errors on the AVLT contribute unique value for predicting progression from normal cognition to MCI and normal cognition to mild dementia (CDR = 1). Intrusion errors appear to reflect subtle change and inefficiencies in cognition that precede impairment detected by neuropsychological total scores.",
author = "{The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative} and Thomas, {Kelsey R.} and Joel Eppig and Edmonds, {Emily C.} and Jacobs, {Diane M.} and Libon, {David J.} and Rhoda Au and Salmon, {David P.} and Bondi, {Mark W.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants R01 AG049810 (to Mark W. Bondi) and K24 AG026431 (to Mark W. Bondi), Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Association grants AARF-17-528918 (to Kelsey R. Thomas) and AARG-17-500358 (to Emily C. Edmonds), and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Sciences Research and Development Service (Career Development Award-2 1IK2 CX001415-01A1 to Emily C. Edmonds). Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and Department of Defense ADNI (award W81XWH-12-2–0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Association; Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioCli-nica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cog-state; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. and its affiliated company Ge-nentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Health care; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 American Psychological Association.",
year = "2018",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1037/neu0000413",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "32",
pages = "235--245",
journal = "Neuropsychology",
issn = "0894-4105",
publisher = "American Psychological Association Inc.",
number = "2",
}