@article{d77271b2b46f44cbb90e7d7709633eb0,
title = "Translating dosage compensation to trisomy 21",
abstract = "Down's syndrome is a common disorder with enormous medical and social costs, caused by trisomy for chromosome 21. We tested the concept that gene imbalance across an extra chromosome can be de facto corrected by manipulating a single gene, XIST (the X-inactivation gene). Using genome editing with zinc finger nucleases, we inserted a large, inducible XIST transgene into the DYRK1A locus on chromosome 21, in Down's syndrome pluripotent stem cells. The XIST non-coding RNA coats chromosome 21 and triggers stable heterochromatin modifications, chromosome-wide transcriptional silencing and DNA methylation to form a 'chromosome 21 Barr body'. This provides a model to study human chromosome inactivation and creates a system to investigate genomic expression changes and cellular pathologies of trisomy 21, free from genetic and epigenetic noise. Notably, deficits in proliferation and neural rosette formation are rapidly reversed upon silencing one chromosome 21. Successful trisomy silencing in vitro also surmounts the major first step towards potential development of 'chromosome therapy'.",
author = "Jun Jiang and Yuanchun Jing and Cost, {Gregory J.} and Chiang, {Jen Chieh} and Kolpa, {Heather J.} and Cotton, {Allison M.} and Carone, {Dawn M.} and Carone, {Benjamin R.} and Shivak, {David A.} and Guschin, {Dmitry Y.} and Pearl, {Jocelynn R.} and Rebar, {Edward J.} and Meg Byron and Gregory, {Philip D.} and Brown, {Carolyn J.} and Urnov, {Fyodor D.} and Hall, {Lisa L.} and Lawrence, {Jeanne B.}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements We appreciate recent initiatives by administrators of NIGMS and NIH to support more high-risk, high-impact research. Research began with support from GM053234 to J.B.L. for basic X chromosome research, and was made fully possible by GM085548 and GM096400 RC4 to J.B.L. C.J.B. and A.M.C. were supported by CIHR (MOP-13680) to C.J.B. We thank T. Flotte for encouragement and advice regarding genome editing strategies, and similarly appreciate the support of S. Jones and P. Newburger. We thank T. Collingwood for initial discussions regarding this project, and the George Daley laboratory (Harvard) for the Down{\textquoteright}s syndrome iPS cell line. L. Lizotte, Z. Matijasevic, K. Smith and E. Swanson provided various assistance. M. S. Kobor and L. Lam (Kobor laboratory) assisted with methylation analysis. D.M.C. is supported by an NIH fellowship 1F32CA154086 and B.R.C. (O. Rando laboratory) is supported by NIH training grant 2T32HD007439 (G. Witman, PI).",
year = "2013",
doi = "10.1038/nature12394",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "500",
pages = "296--300",
journal = "Nature",
issn = "0028-0836",
publisher = "Nature Research",
number = "7462",
}