Soliton collisions and ghost particle radiation

This paper investigates the nature of particle collisions for three-soliton solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation by describing mathematically the interaction of soliton particles and generation of ghost particle radiation. In particular, it is proven that a collision between any two soliton particles results in an exchange of particle identities and an emission of a ghost particle pair. Moreover, collisions between any two ghost particles results in their fusion and is accompanied by fission of the corresponding anti-ghost particle. Mass and momentum are conserved for both soliton particle decay and ghost particle interaction at all times.