Pitch prediction filters in speech coding

Prediction error filters which combine short-time prediction (formant prediction) with long-time prediction (pitch prediction) in a cascade connection are examined. A number of different solution methods (autocorrelation, covariance, Burg) and implementations (transversal and lattice) are considered. It is found that the F-P cascade (formant filter before the pitch filter) outperforms the P-F cascade for both transversal- and lattice-structured predictors. The performances of the transversal and lattice forms are similar. The solution method that yields a transversal structure requires a stability test and, if necessary, a consequent stabilization. The two cascade forms are implemented as part of an APC coder to evaluate their relative subjective performance.