TY - JOUR
T1 - Fatty acid-based monomers as styrene replacements for liquid molding resins
AU - La Scala, John J.
AU - Sands, James M.
AU - Orlicki, Joshua A.
AU - Robinette, E. Jason
AU - Palmese, Giuseppe R.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Aerojet Chemical for providing the AMC-2 catalyst, SERDP PP-1271 for funding, and ARL cooperative agreement DAAD 19-02-2-0010. This research was also supported in part by an appointment to the Postgraduate Research Program at the US. Navy Research Laboratory administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and USAILL.
PY - 2004/10/13
Y1 - 2004/10/13
N2 - One method of reducing styrene emissions from vinyl ester (VE) and unsaturated polyester resins (UPE) is to replace some or all of the styrene with fatty acid-based monomers. Methacrylated fatty acid (MFA) monomers are ideal candidates because they are inexpensive, have low volatilities, and free-radically polymerize with vinyl ester. The viscosity of VE resins using these fatty acid monomers ranged from 700-2000 cP, which is considerably higher than that of VE/styrene resins (∼100 cP). In addition, the Tg of VE/MFA polymers were only on the order of 80°C, which is significantly lower than that of VE/styrene polymers. Decreasing the length of the base fatty acid chains from 18 to 12 carbon atoms improved the Tg by 20°C, while lowing the resin viscosity from ∼2500 to ∼1000 cP. Residual unsaturation sites on the fatty acid backbone decreased the cure rate of the resins thereby decreasing polymer properties. Ternary blends of VE, styrene, and fatty acid monomers also effectively improved the flexural, fracture, and thermo-mechanical properties and reduced the resin viscosity to acceptable levels, while using less than 15 wt% styrene, far less than commercial VE resins.
AB - One method of reducing styrene emissions from vinyl ester (VE) and unsaturated polyester resins (UPE) is to replace some or all of the styrene with fatty acid-based monomers. Methacrylated fatty acid (MFA) monomers are ideal candidates because they are inexpensive, have low volatilities, and free-radically polymerize with vinyl ester. The viscosity of VE resins using these fatty acid monomers ranged from 700-2000 cP, which is considerably higher than that of VE/styrene resins (∼100 cP). In addition, the Tg of VE/MFA polymers were only on the order of 80°C, which is significantly lower than that of VE/styrene polymers. Decreasing the length of the base fatty acid chains from 18 to 12 carbon atoms improved the Tg by 20°C, while lowing the resin viscosity from ∼2500 to ∼1000 cP. Residual unsaturation sites on the fatty acid backbone decreased the cure rate of the resins thereby decreasing polymer properties. Ternary blends of VE, styrene, and fatty acid monomers also effectively improved the flexural, fracture, and thermo-mechanical properties and reduced the resin viscosity to acceptable levels, while using less than 15 wt% styrene, far less than commercial VE resins.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.056
DO - 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.056
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:4644313044
SN - 0032-3861
VL - 45
SP - 7729
EP - 7737
JO - Polymer
JF - Polymer
IS - 22
ER -