Enhancing Soil Resilience to Climatic Wetting-Drying Cycles Through a Bio-Mediated Approach

Climatic wetting-drying cycles exacerbated by climate change can trigger several weakening mechanisms in surface soils, potentially leading to instability and failure of slopes and earthen structures. This study proposes a bio-mediated approach based on microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to increase soil resilience to wetting-drying cycles. To explore its viability and the underlying mechanisms, we conducted a series of laboratory tests on clayey soil that underwent six wetting-drying cycles. The tests were conducted with different treatment methods to investigate the effect of treatment sequence and cementation solution concentration. After MICP treatment, the initial evaporation rate, surface crack ratio during drying, and total soil weight loss during rainfall erosion were reduced by up to 32%, 85%, and 90%, respectively. Spraying the cementation solution first in the MICP treatment sequence proves more effective in improving soil water retention capacity. On the other hand, initiating the sequence with the bacterial solution demonstrates a more pronounced effect in reducing soil desiccation cracks and erosion. Microstructure analysis reveals that the content and distribution of CaCO₃ precipitation are the major factors controlling the effectiveness of MICP for the cementation of clayey soil. Employing MICP can minimize the carbon footprint and contribute to developing environmentally friendly solutions for soil improvement in regions affected by climatic wetting-drying cycles.