Electric field-induced, reversible lotus-to-rose transition in nanohybrid shish kebab paper with hierarchical roughness

Nature uses a variety of strategies to tune wetting behavior for biological applications. By artificially mimicking these strategies, a variety of different wetting conditions can be achieved. Numerous examples exist of designed surfaces that can mimic the wetting behavior of lotus leaves or rose petals, but few surfaces that may reversibly transition between the two have been reported. In this paper, a combination of topological control over conductive, carbon-based nanomaterials and low surface energy coating was used to tune the wetting properties between "lotus" and "rose." The topological control was imparted by a hierarchical "nanohybrid shish kebab" structure, which uses solution-grown polymer single crystals on carbon nanotubes to tune the surface roughness of the latter. The low surface energy polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating was deposited by the initiated chemical vapor deposition technique. Application of electric potential on these unique nanostructures allows the surfaces to reversibly transition between "lotus" and "rose" behavior. A further irreversible transition between "rose" and the fully wetted Wenzel wetting state was also predicted and shown. These materials show remarkable promise for lab-on-a-chip devices and surface passivation for biological studies.